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== Források és jegyzetek ==
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==Modern beliefs==
Modern day hedonists strive firstly, as their predecessors, for pleasure. But also, hedonists feel that people should be equal, and that the way to achieve that is through allowing much more personal freedom. Hedonists, in the words of an organization known as Hedonist International, "want joyful togetherness, anarchy, [[epicureanism|epicurean]] ideas, multifaceted joy, [[wikt:sensuality|sensuality]], diversion, [[friendship]], [[justice]], tolerance, freedom, sexual freedom, sustainability, peace, free access to information, the arts, a cosmopolitan existence, and a world without borders or discrimination, and everything else that is wonderful but not a reality today. "(Hedonist Manifesto)<ref>"Hedonist Manifesto." Hedonist International. Hedonist International. 4 Nov. 2007 http://www.hedonist-international.org .</ref>
==Predecessors==
[[Cyrenaics|Cyrenaicism]] (4th and 3rd centuries B.C.), founded by [[Aristippus of Cyrene]], was one of the earliest Socratic schools, and emphasized one side only of the Socratic teaching. Taking Socrates' assertion that happiness is one of the ends of moral action, Aristippus maintained that pleasure was the supreme good. He found bodily gratifications, which he considered more intense, preferable to mental pleasures. They also denied that we should defer immediate gratification for the sake of long-term gain. In these respects they differ from the Epicureans.<ref>"Cyrenaics." Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The University of Tennessee At Martin. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://www.iep.utm.edu/>.</ref><ref>"The Cyrenaics and the Origin of Hedonism." Hedonism.org. BLTC. 4 Nov. 2007 <http://www.hedonism.org>.</ref>
[[Epicureanism]] is considered by some to be a form of ancient hedonism. [[Epicurus]] identified pleasure with tranquillity and emphasized the reduction of [[tanha|desire]] over the immediate acquisition of pleasure. In this way, Epicureanism escapes the preceding objection: while pleasure and the [[highest good]] are equated, Epicurus claimed that the highest pleasure consists of a simple, moderate life spent with friends and in philosophical discussion. He stressed that it was not good to do something that made one feel good if, by experiencing it, one would belittle later experiences and make them no longer feel good. For example, too much [[intercourse|sex]] might later decrease interest in sex, which may cause one to be dissatisfied with one's sexual partner leading to unhappiness.
==Hedonism and egoism==
Hedonism can be conjoined with [[psychological egoism]] - the theory that humans are motivated only by their self interest - to make [[psychological hedonism]]: a purely descriptive claim which states that [[Agent (grammar)|agents]] naturally seek pleasure. Hedonism can also be combined with [[ethical egoism]] - the claim that individuals should seek their own good - to make '''ethical hedonism''' the claim that we ''should'' act so as to produce our own pleasure.
However, hedonism is not necessarily related to [[egoism]]. The [[Utilitarianism]] of [[John Stuart Mill]] is sometimes classified as a type of hedonism, as it judges the morality of actions by their consequent contributions to the greater good and [[happiness]] of all. Note that this is [[altruism|altruistic]] hedonism. Whereas some hedonistic doctrines propose doing whatever makes an individual happiest (over the long run), Mill promotes actions which make ''everyone'' happy. Compare [[individualism]] and [[collectivism]].
It is true that Epicurus recommends for us to pursue our own pleasure, but he never suggests we should live a selfish life which impedes others from getting to that same objective.
Some of [[Sigmund Freud]]'s theories of human motivation have been called psychological hedonism; his "life instinct" is essentially the observation that people will pursue pleasure. However, he introduces extra complexities with various other mechanisms, such as the "[[death instinct]]". The death instinct, Thanatos, can be equated to the desire for [[silence]] and [[peace]], for calm and darkness, which causes them another form of happiness. It is also a death instinct, thus it can also be the desire for death. The fact that he leaves out the instinct to survive as a primary motivator, and that his hypotheses are notoriously invalidated by [[objective test]]ing, casts doubt on this theory.
[[Ayn Rand]], one of the biggest modern proponents of Egoism, rejected hedonism in a literal sense as a comprehensive ethical system:
<blockquote>To take "whatever makes one happy" as a guide to action means: to be guided by nothing but one's emotional whims. Emotions are not tools of cognition. . . . ''This'' is the fallacy inherent in ''hedonism''--in any variant of ethical hedonism, personal or social, individual or collective. "Happiness" can properly be the ''purpose'' of ethics, but ''not'' the ''standard''. The task of ethics is to define man's proper code of values and thus to give him the means of achieving happiness. To declare, as the ethical hedonists do, that "the proper value is whatever gives you pleasure" is to declare that "the proper value is whatever you happen to value"--which is an act of intellectual and philosophical abdication, an act which merely proclaims the futility of ethics and invites all men to play it deuces wild.<ref>Ayn Rand, ''The Virtue of Selfishness'', "The Objectivist Ethics".</ref></blockquote>
A modern proponent of hedonism with an ethical touch is the [[Sweden|Swedish]] philosopher [[Torbjörn Tännsjö]]<ref>Torbjörn Tännsjö; ''Hedonistic Utilitarianism'' (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (1998).</ref>.
==The Christian view==
{{main|Christian Hedonism}}
[[Christian Hedonism]] is a term coined in 1986 for a [[theology|theological]] movement originally conceived by [[Reformed Baptist]] [[pastor]] and [[theologian]], [[John Piper (theologian)|John Piper]], in his book, ''Desiring God: Meditations of a Christian Hedonist''. The tenets of this philosophy are that humans were created by [[God]] with the priority purpose of lavishly enjoying God through knowing, worshiping, and serving Him. This philosophy recommends pursuing one's own happiness in God as the ultimate in human pleasure. Similar to the Epicurean view, the highest pleasure is regarded as something long-term and found not in indulgence but in a life devoted to God. Members of the Christian community have seriously questioned whether Christian Hedonism displaces "love God" with "enjoy God" as the greatest and foremost [[10 commandments|commandment]].
A typical [[apologetic|apologia]] for Christian Hedonism follows: Assuming one accepts that the primary definition of love is "an emotion of affection," then if one were to love something truly he must also truly enjoy it. In hedonism, obtaining pleasure is a higher goal than any other, including the pursuit of love. God, being a hedonist, loves Himself above all else and therefore enjoys His own presence above all other pleasurable pursuits. He calls men to also pursue all their pleasure only in God, as God also finds this experientially pleasant. Thus, Christian Hedonism is exemplified in relation to [[Jesus]] [[Christ]], who justifies God in enjoying a rebellious creation by providing the sacrifice of Himself as the payment allowing God to be pleased with us, and for us to enjoy Him, forever. It could be summed up in this statement: "God is most glorified in us, when we are most satisfied [pleased] in Him".
Quite a few people equate hedonism with sexuality and having a very loose or liberal view of the morality of sex. As noted above, many (perhaps most) forms of hedonism actually concentrate on [[spirituality|spiritual]], [[intellectual]], or otherwise non-sexual forms of pleasure. The pursuit of sexual pleasure can certainly be a form of hedonism, but it is not the mainstream one.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} However, this has become the mainstream use of the word.
More recently, the term Christian Hedonism has been used by the [[France|French]] [[atheist]] philosopher [[Michel Onfray]] to qualify the various heretic movements from the [[Middle Ages]] to [[Montaigne]].
== References and notes ==
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==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
*[http://www.hedweb.com/ The Hedonistic Imperative]
*The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy on:
**[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/epicur.htm Epicurus]
**[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm Mill]
**[http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/freud.htm Freud]
*[http://www.christianhedonism.org/articlesDetail.asp?id=26 Christian Hedonism]
*[http://www.thefaithfulword.org/cathedonism.html Articles critiquing Christian Hedonism]
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hedonism/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry]
* Article on attitudes toward [http://www.kehillaton.com/en/articles_pleasure.asp pleasure in Judaism]
*[http://eneida.over-blog.net/ Hedonism & Lifestyle]
*[http://hedonist-international.org/?q=en/manifest/ Manifesto of the Hedonist International]
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