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{{Világörökségi helyszín infobox|
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név=[[Róma történelmi központja]]|
kép=Forum Romanum from Capitolium.jpg|
felirat=Forum Romanum|
ország=Olaszország|
kategória=Kulturális világörökségi helyszínek|
típus=Kulturális helyszín|
év=1980|sz_fok=41|
sz_perc=54|
hosz_fok=12|
hosz_perc=29|}}
[[Fájl:Map of Forum Romanum.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Forum]]
[[Fájl:Rome.Roman.Forum.view.from.Palatine.explanations.redux.JPG|thumb|right|400px|Forum Rómanum épületei]]
 
A '''Forum Romanum''' vagy, ahogy a rómaiak gyakrabban nevezték '''Forum Magnum''' (a mai ''Campo di Vaccino'') az ókori Róma fő köztere, a [[Capitolium (Róma)|Capitolium]] és [[Palatinus]] domb közötti tér volt, mely a kereskedelmi és politikai világ érintkezőhelyének számított. A terület eredetileg ingoványos hely volt, melyet [[Tarquinius Priscus]] király száríttatott ki és vétetett körül oszlopos csarnokokkal, melyek üdülésre és sétahelyül is szolgáltak. Hossza körülbelül 220, szélessége 35-50 méter, és kis mérete ellenére rengeteg épület és emlékmű állt itt.
 
A terület a középkorban hosszú ideig a város elhanyagolt része vot. Korabeli viszonyait [[Piranesi]]: Vedute di Roma c. gyűjteményéből ismerjük (Tav.15, 16, 26, 28, 30, 32, 52, 98, 99, 100, 109, 110).
 
== A fórum fogalma ==
A '''fórum''' a [[Római Birodalom|rómaiaknál]] köztér, piac, nyilvános hely a [[város]]okban vásár, gyülekezés, törvénykezés céljára építették. Rómában vagy 18 ilyen nyilvános tér volt, melyek a következő nevet viselték:
* törvénykezés tere ''(forum civile)''
* kereskedelmi tér ''(forum venale)''
* marhavásár ''(forum boarium)''
* zöldség- ''(holitorium),'' hal-, hús-, sertéspiac ''(piscarium, macellum, suarium)'' stb.
 
== Épületei ==
 
A Forum Romanumon több istennek is állt temploma, itt volt [[Saturnus]], [[Janus]] és [[Concordia temploma]] a Capitolium tövében, [[Vesta temploma]] a [[Palatinus]] tövében (emellette állt a [[Regia]] nevű épület, a [[Pontifex Maximus|pontifex]], azaz főpap lakása) és később a [[Dioskuros]]oké.
 
A Forum két részre oszlott: a tulajdonképeni Forum Romanumra keleten, ahol régebben a [[plebejus]]ok gyülekeztek, és a másik, magasabb, nyugati részre ''(Comitium),'' amelyen eredetileg a patríciusok gyülekeztek. A Comitiumon állt többek között: a ''Curia Hostilia'' (a szenátus helye), a ''Carcer Mamertinus'' (részei: ''Robur,'' azaz börtön és ''Tallianum,'' azaz kivégző hely) és a [[Rostra]] nevű szószék.
 
Ahogy a város nőtt, a Forum Romanumot is bővítették, és gyönyörű oszlopos csarnokokat, úgynevezett ''bazilikák''at építettek (ezek voltak állítólag a keresztény templomok alapjai, ilyenek voltak például a ''Basilica Porcia, Sempronia, Opimia,'' később [[Caius Octavianus Caesar Augustus|Augustus]] alatt az ''Aemilia'' és főképp a ''Julia.'') Újabb templomokat is építettek (Templum Divi Caesaris, Minervae stb.) Később térszűke miatt a Forum Romanumot észak felé is bővítették, és a hozzá fűződő újabb tereknek és építményeknek egész sorozata keletkezett (ezt nevezik összefoglalóan [[császár-fórumok]]-nak.
 
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(Forum Julium, Augusti, Vespasiani, Nervae – más néven ''transitorium'' –, Traiani – ez utóbbin volt a Basilica Traiani, a császárnak máig fenmaradt oszlopával, amelyre a császárnak a [[dákok]] ellen viselt hadi tetteit jegyezték fel.)
 
A Forum Romanumot mára teljesen feltárták (Pietro Rosa, Dutert stb.) és gondos őrizet alá vették a romokat, melyek segítségével könnyű elképzelni a hely hajdani pompáját.
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=== Ma álló épületek a Forum Romanum területén ===
==== Keleti oldalon ====
Ezen az oldalon helyezkedik el a bejárat,
* [[Via Sacra]]
* [[Antoninus és Faustina temploma]]
* [[Vaskori Nekropolisz]]
* [[Romulus temploma]]
* [[Constantinus és Maxentius bazilikája]]
* [[Vesta temploma]]
* [[Santa Francesca Romana temploma]]
* [[Antiquarium Forense]]
* [[Titus diadalíve]]
 
==== Nyugati oldalon ====
* [[Curia]]
* [[Julius Caesar temploma]]
* [[Castor és Pollux temploma]]
* [[Basilica Aemilia]]
* [[Phocas oszlopa]]
* [[Basilica Julia]]
* [[Rostra]]
* [[Saturnus temploma]]
* [[Porticus Deorum Consentium]]
* [[Concordia temploma]]
* [[Forum]]
* [[Santi Luca e Martina]]
* [[Tabularium]]
* [[Septimius Severus diadalíve]]
 
== Lásd még ==
* [[Capitolium (Róma)|Capitolium]] – [[Aventinus (római domb)|Aventinus]]
 
=== Császárfórumok ===
* [[Cézár Fóruma]]
* [[Nerva Fórum]]
* [[Augusztus Fóruma]]
* [[Trajanus Fóruma]]
 
== Források ==
* A Pallas nagy lexikona
* Pecz Vilmos: ''Ókori lexikon, I–IV. kötet.'' Budapest, Franklin Társulat, 1904.
* Fajth Tibor: ''Itália'' (Panoráma útikönyvek, Athenaeum Nyomda, Bp. 1980) ISBN 963-243-235-5
 
== Külső hivatkozások ==
{{commonskat|Forum Romanum}}
 
{{Portál|világörökség|-|ókor}}
 
[[Kategória:Forum Romanum| ]]
A lap eredeti címe: „https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_Romanum”