„III. Bereniké” változatai közötti eltérés
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{{Fáraó infobox
|név = III. Bereniké
|névváltozatok =Kleopátra Bereniké
|előd = [[X. Ptolemaiosz]]
|utód = [[XI. Ptolemaiosz]]
|kép = Berenice und Selene.jpg
|képaláírás = Bereniké és Szelené
|uralkodása = i. e. 81–80
|prenomen = <hiero><-r:t:D36-w-W17-b-i-A-r:n-i-i-W11:t*H8-></hiero><br>''ỉrỉỉ(.t)-pˁt.t wr.t-ḥsw(.t) bỉrnỉkt''<br>''Irit-patet weret-heszut Bereniké''<br>„Az örökös hercegnő, a nagy kegyben álló, Bereniké”
|nomen = <hiero><-q:rw-i-wA-p-A-d:r-:t-A-H8:-></hiero><br><hiero><-b-i-rw:n-i-i-W11-A-t:H8-></hiero><br>''Kleopátra Bereniké''
|apja = [[IX. Ptolemaiosz]]
|anyja = [[Kleopátra Szelené szír királynő|Kleopátra Szelené]]
|férje = [[X. Ptolemaiosz]]<br>[[XI. Ptolemaiosz]]
|gyermekei = [[V. Kleopátra]] (?)
|dinasztia = [[ptolemaida-dinasztia]]
|sírja =
}}
'''III. Bereniké'''
==Élete==
[[IX. Ptolemaiosz]] egyiptomi uralkodó és valószínűleg [[Kleopátra Szelené szír királynő]] lányaként született i. e. 120-ban. Nagybátyja, X. Ptolemaiosz Alexandrosz feleségül vette i. e. 101-ben, miután elfoglalta a trónt IX. Ptolemaiosztól, és megölette anyját, [[III. Kleopátra|III. Kleopátrát]]. Mikor IX. Ptolemaiosz i. e. 88-ban visszaszerezte a trónt, Bereniké elveszítette királynéi pozícióját, apja halála után azonban, i. e. 81 végén átvette az uralmat. Hat hónapig kormányozta Egyiptomot, ezalatt elnyerte népe szeretetét.<ref name="CB"/> I. e. 80-ban feleségül kényszerült menni unokatestvéréhez és egyben mostohafiához, [[XI. Ptolemaiosz|XI. Ptolemaiosz Alexandroszhoz]], aki tizenkilenc nappal később megölette. A nép emiatt fellázadt és pár nappal később megölte Ptolemaioszt.<ref>[http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_xi_fr.htm Ptolemy XI] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716100833/http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_xi_fr.htm |date=July 16, 2011 }} by Chris Bennett</ref> A trónt ezután [[XII. Ptolemaiosz]] foglalta el, IX. Ptolemaiosz törvénytelen fia, Bereniké féltestvére.
34 ⟶ 35 sor:
[[Kategória:Ókori egyiptomi hercegnők]]
[[Kategória:Ptolemaida dinasztia]]
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==Background and early life==
Berenice's father was [[Ptolemy IX Soter]], who became king of Egypt in 116 BC, with his mother [[Cleopatra III]] as his co-regent and the dominant force in government. He was initially married to his sister [[Cleopatra IV]], but his mother forced him to divorce her and marry another sister, [[Cleopatra Selene of Syria|Cleopatra Selene]], probably in early 115 BC. It is not certain which of these wives was Berenice's mother. Cleopatra IV has been favoured by some modern scholarship.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Roger S.|editor1-last=Bagnall|editor2-first=Kai|editor2-last=Brodersen|editor3-first=Craige B.|editor3-last=Champion|editor4-first=Andrew|editor4-last=Erskine|editor5-first=Sabine R.|editor5-last=Huebner|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (13 Vols.)|chapter=Cleopatra V Berenike III|first=Lloyd|last=Llewellyn-Jones|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|volume=III: Be-Co|origyear=2012|year= 2013|isbn=978-1-405-17935-5|ref=harv}}</ref> However, the historian Christopher Bennett notes that Berenice III's legitimacy was never questioned by ancient historians (unlike her brothers, [[Ptolemy XII]] and [[Ptolemy of Cyprus]]), and that Ptolemy IX's marriage to Cleopatra IV seems to have been considered illegitimate – making it more probable that Berenice III was the result of the legitimate marriage to Cleopatra Selene. In this case, she was probably born in late 115 or early 114 BC.{{sfn|Bennett|1997|p=54}}<ref name=CBB3/>
Ptolemy IX and Cleopatra III eventually came into conflict with one another. In 107 BC, Cleopatra whipped up the Alexandrian mob against Ptolemy IX, causing him to flee to [[Cyprus]], abandoning Berenice and her brothers in Alexandria in the process. Cleopatra then installed Ptolemy IX's younger brother [[Ptolemy X Alexander]] on the throne, as a more pliant co-regent.<ref>[[Justin (historian)]], ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'' 39.4.1; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] 1.9.2</ref><ref name=H2067>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=206–207}}</ref> Ptolemy X married Berenice's probable mother Cleopatra Selene and thus became step-father to the seven-year-old Berenice. They probably had a son together, the future [[Ptolemy XI]], but around 103 BC Cleopatra III forced them to divorce so that Cleopatra Selene could be married to the [[Seleucid]] king [[Antiochus VIII]].<ref name=CBCS>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Cleopatra Selene|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/selene_i_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |accessdate=12 November 2019}}</ref>
==Co-regency with Ptolemy X (101-88 BC)==
[[File:Ptolemy X Alexander I Louvre Ma970.jpg|thumb|Basalt bust of [[Ptolemy X Alexander]].]]
In 101 BC, Ptolemy X had Cleopatra III murdered. Shortly after that, he married the thirteen-year-old Berenice and elevated her to the role of co-regent. The pair were joined together in the dynastic cult as the ''Theoi Philadelphoi'' (Sibling-loving Gods).<ref name=CBB3/><ref name=H20710>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=207–210}}</ref>
In 91 BC, a rebellion broke out in [[Upper Egypt]]. This rebellion was the latest in a series of native Egyptian uprisings in the region, following those of [[Hugronaphor]] (205-185 BC) and [[Harsiesi]] (131-130 BC). It is unknown what the name of the rebellion's leader was or whether he claimed the title of [[Pharaoh]], as earlier rebel leaders had. The rebels gained control of [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] and were supported by the Theban priests. Their forces are also attested in [[Latopolis]] and [[Pathyris]]. The rebellion also meant that the Ptolemies lost contact with the [[Triacontaschoenus]] region ([[Lower Nubia]]). [[Meroe]] took control of the region and retained it until the [[Roman Egypt|Roman period]].<ref>[[Pausanias (traveller)|Pausanias]] 1.9.3</ref>
Around May 88 BC, the Alexandrians and the army turned against Ptolemy X and expelled him.<ref>Porphyry ''[[FGrH]]'' 260 F2.9; [[Strabo]] ''Geography'' 17.1.8</ref> The Alexandrians then invited Ptolemy IX to return to Alexandria and retake the throne, which he did. Berenice accompanied her husband into exile. The pair gathered a naval force to recapture the kingdom, but were defeated in battle. Ptolemy X recruited a second force at [[Myra]], invaded Cyprus, and was killed.<ref>Porphyry ''[[FGrH]]'' 260 F2.8-9; [[Justin (historian)|Justin]] ''Epitome of Pompeius Trogus'' 39.5; [[Pausanias (traveller)|Pausanias]]</ref><ref name=CBP10>{{cite web |last1=Bennett |first1=Chris |title=Ptolemy X|url=http://instonebrewer.com/TyndaleSites/Egypt/ptolemies/ptolemy_x_fr.htm|website=Egyptian Royal Genealogy |accessdate=16 November 2019}}</ref><ref name=H211>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|p=211}}</ref>
Berenice returned to Egypt at some point after Ptolemy X's death and before 81 BC, but the exact date is not known.<ref name=CBB3/>
==Reign (81-80 BC)==
On 5 August 81 BC, Ptolemy IX promoted his daughter Berenice III, who had previously been the wife and co-regent of Ptolemy X, to the status of co-regent. Some sources claim that Ptolemy IX had made Berenice III his co-regent at the start of his second reign in 88 BC, but all documentary evidence shows that he reigned alone until this point. Ptolemy died shortly thereafter, probably in December of the same year, leaving Berenice alone on the throne. At this point she was reincorporated into the dynastic cult as the ''Thea Philopator'' (Father-loving God), a clear reference to her inheritance of power from her father.<ref name=H2134>{{harvnb|Hölbl|2001|pp=213–214}}</ref>
After a few months of sole rule, Berenice summoned her younger half-brother and former step-son, Ptolemy XI, from [[Rome]] to serve as co-regent. According to [[Appian]], this co-regency was established at the behest of the Roman [[Dictator (Rome)|dictator]] [[Sulla]], who hoped that Ptolemy XI would serve as a pliant [[client king]].<ref>[[Appian]] ''Bellum Civile'' 1.102</ref> Ptolemy XI was crowned king on 3 April 80 BC and murdered Berenice a few days later. This moved the Alexandrians to riot on 22 April 80 BC. He was cornered in the [[Gymnasium (ancient Greece)|gymnasium]] and killed.<ref>Porphyry ''[[FGrH]]'' 260 F2.10-11; [[Cicero]], ''De Rege Alexandro'' F9; [[Appian]] ''Bellum Civile'' 1.102.</ref><ref name=CBB3/> The throne then passed to [[Ptolemy XII Auletes]], who was an illegitimate son of Ptolemy IX and the half-brother of Berenice.<ref name=H2134/>
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