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Although classified as [[poisonous mushroom|poisonous]], reports of human deaths resulting from ''A. muscaria'' ingestion are extremely rare. After [[parboiling]] twice with water draining—which weakens its toxicity and breaks down the mushroom's psychoactive substances—it is eaten in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. All ''Amanita muscaria'' varieties, but in particular ''A. muscaria var. muscaria'', are noted for their [[hallucinogenic]] properties, with the main psychoactive constituents being the neurotoxins [[ibotenic acid]] and [[muscimol]]. A local variety of the mushroom was used as an intoxicant and [[entheogen]] by the indigenous [[peoples of Siberia]] and by the [[Sámi]], and has a religious significance in these cultures. There has been much speculation on possible traditional use of this mushroom as an intoxicant in other places such as the Middle East, Eurasia, North America, and Scandinavia.
==DescriptionMegjelenése==
[[File:Amanita muscaria section 1 WF orig.jpg|thumb|right|Cross section of fruiting body, showing pigment under skin and free gills|alt=A white-fleshed mushroom with a red skin cut in half]]
A légyölő galóca nagy, színes, feltűnő gomba. A termőtest kezdetben kerek vagy tojásdad és fehér színű teljes burok borítja; ilyenkor többnyire még a talajban található. Fejlődése során a burok szétszakad; maradványai a kalapon sűrű, apró, fehér, piramisszerű pöttyök formájában találhatóak meg, amelyek könnyen letörölhetőek vagy idős korra lekophatnak. A kalap átmérője kifejletten eléri 8-18 (20) cm-t. Eleinte félgömb, majd domború formájú, idősen laposan kiterül.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zeitlmayr L.|year=1976|title=Wild mushrooms: an illustrated handbook|publisher=Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press|isbn=978-0-584-10324-3}}</ref> Ilyenkor már a pöttyök is kevésbé feltűnőek, mert bár számuk és méretük megmarad, a kalap területe jelentősen megnő. A kalap felszíne sima, széle éretten kissé bordázott. Színe élénkvörös vagy narancsvörös. Mivel a vörös pigment kissé késve termelődik, az egészen fiatal gomba sárga vagy narancsszínű lehet (ritkán foltosan); néhány populációban ez a sárga szín felnőtt korban is megmarad.<ref>[http://www.amanitaceae.org/?Amanita+muscaria Amanita muscaria] ''Amanitaceae.org''</ref> Az idős gomba színe kifakulhat.
A large, conspicuous [[mushroom]], ''Amanita muscaria'' is generally common and numerous where it grows, and is often found in groups with [[basidiocarp]]s in all stages of development.
Fly agaric fruiting bodies emerge from the soil looking like white eggs. After emerging from the ground, the cap is covered with numerous small white to yellow pyramid-shaped warts. These are remnants of the [[universal veil]], a membrane that encloses the entire mushroom when it is still very young. Dissecting the mushroom at this stage reveals a characteristic yellowish layer of skin under the veil, which helps identification. As the fungus grows, the red colour appears through the broken veil and the warts become less prominent; they do not change in size, but are reduced relative to the expanding skin area. The cap changes from [[wikt:globose|globose]] to hemispherical, and finally to plate-like and flat in mature specimens.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zeitlmayr L.|year=1976|title=Wild mushrooms: an illustrated handbook|publisher=Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press|isbn=978-0-584-10324-3}}</ref> Fully grown, the bright red [[pileus (mycology)|cap]] is usually around {{convert|8|–|20|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} in diameter, although larger specimens have been found. The red colour may fade after rain and in older mushrooms.
Húsa kemény, színe fehér (a kalapbőr alatt sárgás), sérülésre nem változik. Íze és szaga nem jellegzetes gombaíz, illetve -szag.
The free [[lamella (mycology)|gills]] are white, as is the [[spore print]]. The oval spores measure 9–13 by 6.5–9 [[micrometre|μm]]; they do not turn blue with the application of [[Melzer's reagent|iodine]].<ref name="arora86"/> The [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]] is white, {{convert|5|–|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} high by {{convert|1|–|2|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} wide, and has the slightly brittle, fibrous texture typical of many large mushrooms. At the base is a [[Volva (mycology)|bulb]] that bears universal veil remnants in the form of two to four distinct rings or ruffs. Between the basal universal veil remnants and gills are remnants of the [[partial veil]] (which covers the gills during development) in the form of a white [[annulus (mycology)|ring]]. It can be quite wide and flaccid with age. There is generally no associated smell other than a mild earthiness.<ref name = "Ultimatemush">{{cite book| author = Jordan P|author2=Wheeler S.| year = 2001 | title = The ultimate mushroom book | publisher = Hermes House | isbn = 978-0-8317-3080-2}}</ref><ref name=Phillips06>{{cite book | author= Phillips R.| year = 2006 | title = Mushrooms | publisher = Pan MacMillan | isbn = 978-0-330-44237-4|page=140}}</ref>
Sűrű vagy közepesen sűrű, széles lemezei szabadon állók vagy éppencsak érintik a tönköt. A féllemezek rövidek. Színük fehér, idősen sárgás árnyalattal.
Although very distinctive in appearance, the fly agaric has been mistaken for other yellow to red mushroom species in the Americas, such as ''[[Armillaria]]'' cf. ''mellea'' and the edible ''Amanita basii''—a Mexican species similar to ''[[Amanita caesarea|A. caesarea]]'' of Europe. Poison control centres in the U.S. and Canada have become aware that {{lang|es|amarill}} (Spanish for 'yellow') is a [[common name]] for the ''A. caesarea''-like species in Mexico.<ref name=tulloss3/><!-- defined by Template:Amanita variety --> ''Amanita caesarea'' is distinguished by its entirely orange to red cap, which lacks the numerous white warty spots of the fly agaric. Furthermore, the stem, gills and ring of ''A. caesarea'' are bright yellow, not white.<ref>{{cite book | author = Haas H.| year = 1969 | title = The young specialist Looks at fungi| publisher = Burke | isbn=978-0-222-79414-7|page=94}}</ref> The volva is a distinct white bag, not broken into scales.<ref>{{cite book | author = Krieger LCC| year = 1967 | title = The mushroom handbook| publisher = Dover| isbn=978-0-486-21861-8}}</ref> In Australia, the introduced fly agaric may be confused with the native vermilion grisette (''[[Amanita xanthocephala]]''), which grows in association with [[eucalypts]]. The latter species generally lacks the white warts of ''A. muscaria'' and bears no ring.<ref name="fungimapbk">{{cite book |title=Fungi Down Under: the Fungimap guide to Australian fungi|author=Grey P.|year=2005|page=21|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens |location=Melbourne |isbn=978-0-646-44674-5}}</ref>
Tönkje 10-25 cm magas és 1,5-2 cm vastag.<ref>https://www.first-nature.com/fungi/amanita-muscaria.php Amanita muscaria (L.) Pers. - Fly Agaric] ''First Nature''</ref> Alakja hengeres, a tövén kissé bunkós (4-4.5 cm széles), amelyen a buroktól származó körkörös, rücskös övek láthatóak. Textúrája a nagyobb gombákéra jellemző, kissé törékeny, rostos. Színe fehér. Szintén fehér gallérja nagy, hártyás, szoknyaszerűen lelógó, széle sárgásan csipkés lehet.<ref>[http://www.miskolcigombasz.hu/fajlista/index.php?PPE_SID=&action=showKind&langOrder=la&caller=kindList&kindId=40 Amanita muscaria - Légyölő galóca] ''Miskolci Gombász Egyesület''</ref>
==Distribution and habitat==
Spórapora fehér. Spórája széles ellipszis alakú, simák, inamiloid, mrete 8,2-13 x 6,5-9 μm.
===Hasonló fajok===
Bár külseje igen jellegzetes, esetenként összetéveszthető a [[Császárgalóca|császárgalócával]], melynek piros kalapján nincsenek pettyek, tönkje és lemezei pedig sárgák; esetleg a barna, barnássárga színű, sárgás-fehéres-szürkés pettyes [[barna galóca]] narancssárgás változatával.
==Elterjedése és élőhelye==
[[File:Amanita muscaria Marriott Falls 1.jpg|left|thumb|''A. muscaria'' in a ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' plantation, near [[Mount Field National Park]], [[Tasmania]]]]
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