„Szerkesztő:Hollófernyiges/próbalap2” változatai közötti eltérés
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97. sor:
A szaprotróf "varázsgombától" (''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'') eltérően a légyölő galócát fákkal való mikorrhizás kapcsolódása miatt igen nehéz termeszteni. Ennek ellenére sokan megpróbálkoztak vele, például Angliában, miután 2006-ban betiltották a pszilocibintartalmú gombák kereskedelmét.<ref name=EMC2006>{{cite book|title=Hallucinogenic mushrooms an emerging trend case study.|date=2006|publisher=European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction|location=Lisbon|isbn=978-92-9168-249-2|url=http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_31215_EN_TP_Hallucinogenic_mushrooms.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|17}}
===Felhasználása===
===Siberia===▼
[[File:Amanita muscaria. Eastern Siberia.jpg|thumb|upright|''Amanita muscaria'', Eastern Siberia]]
A kelet-szibériai korjakok egyik mondájában Vahijinin isten a Földre köpött és nyálából lett a légyölő galóca. Nagy Holló (a korjakok védelmezője) megette és olyan erős lett tőle, hogy egy egész bálnát haza tudott vinni; ezután megmondta a gombának hogy örökké nőjön a földön, hogy gyermekeinek (a korjakoknak) is jusson belőle.<ref name = "Ramsbottom45">Ramsbottom, p 45.</ref>
▲The Finnish historian [[T. I. Itkonen]] mentions that ''A. muscaria'' was once used among the [[Sami people]]: sorcerers in [[Inari, Finland|Inari]] would consume fly agarics with seven spots.<ref name=Wasson1968/>{{rp|279}} In 1979, Said Gholam Mochtar and [[Hartmut Geerken]] published an article in which they claim to have discovered a tradition of medicinal and recreational use of this mushroom among a [[Parachi]]-speaking group in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>"Several Shutulis asserted that Amanita-extract was administered orally as a medicine for treatment of psychotic conditions, as well as externally as a therapy for localised frostbite." {{cite journal|url=http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/references/journal/1979_mochtar_afghanistan1.shtml|title=The Hallucinogens Muscarine and Ibotenic Acid in the Middle Hindu Kush: A contribution on traditional medicinal mycology in Afghanistan|author1=Mochtar, S. G. |author2= Geerken, H.|translator=P. G. Werner|year=1979|journal=Afghanistan Journal|volume=6|pages=62–65|language=de|access-date=2009-02-23| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090217163249/http://www.erowid.org/plants/amanitas/references/journal/1979_mochtar_afghanistan1.shtml| archive-date= 17 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> There are also unconfirmed reports of religious use of ''A. muscaria'' among two Subarctic [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] tribes. [[Ojibwa]] ethnobotanist [[Keewaydinoquay Peschel]] reported its use among her people, where it was known as the {{transl|oj|miskwedo}}.<ref>{{cite book|author =Peschel, Keewaydinoquay|author-link=Keewaydinoquay Peschel|title= Puhpohwee for the people: a narrative account of some uses of fungi among the Ahnishinaubeg|publisher=Botanical Museum of Harvard University|location=Cambridge, MA|year=1978|isbn=978-1-879528-18-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Navet, E. |year=1988 |title=Les Ojibway et l'Amanite tue-mouche (''Amanita muscaria''). Pour une éthnomycologie des Indiens d'Amérique du Nord |journal=Journal de la Société des Américanistes |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=163–80 |doi=10.3406/jsa.1988.1334 |language=fr }}</ref> This information was enthusiastically received by Wasson, although evidence from other sources was lacking.<ref>Letcher, p 149.</ref> There is also one account of a Euro-American who claims to have been initiated into traditional [[Tlicho]] use of ''Amanita muscaria''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Larsen, S.|title=The Shaman's Doorway|publisher=Station Hill Press|location=New York, NY|year=1976|isbn=978-0-89281-672-9}}</ref> The flying [[reindeer]] of [[Santa Claus]], who is called [[Joulupukki]] in [[Finland|Finnland]], could symbolize the use of ''A. muscaria'' by Sámi shamans.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Xulu|first=Melanie|date=2017-12-12|title=Santa Claus the Magic Mushroom & the Psychedelic Origins of Christmas|url=https://moofmag.com/2017/12/12/santa-claus-the-magic-mushroom-the-psychedelic-origins-of-christmas/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=MOOF|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Magic mushrooms & Reindeer - Weird Nature - BBC animals - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkCS9ePWuLU|access-date=2020-12-26|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
Egyes elképzelések szerint a Finnországban élő Télapó repülő rénszarvasai is galócaevő lapp sámánokhoz vezethetők vissza.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Xulu|first=Melanie|date=2017-12-12|title=Santa Claus the Magic Mushroom & the Psychedelic Origins of Christmas|url=https://moofmag.com/2017/12/12/santa-claus-the-magic-mushroom-the-psychedelic-origins-of-christmas/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=MOOF|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Magic mushrooms & Reindeer - Weird Nature - BBC animals - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkCS9ePWuLU|access-date=2020-12-26|website=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> A 18-19. században felvetették, hogy a germán és viking legendák őrjöngő berserkerei is légyölő galóca hatáa alatt vetették magukat a csatába; erre azonban semmilyen korabeli utalás sincs és a gomba hatóanyaga, a muszcimol inkább nyugtató hatású.<ref name=Hoff>{{cite book|last=Hoffer|first=A.|author2=Osmond, H.|author-link=Abram Hoffer|title=The Hallucinogens|publisher=Academic Press|year=1967|pages=443–54|isbn=978-0-12-351850-7}}</ref> A mérgezés tünetei alapján a beléndek megfelelőbbnek látszik hasonló állapot előidézésére.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fatur|first=Karsten|date=2019-11-15|title=Sagas of the Solanaceae: Speculative ethnobotanical perspectives on the Norse berserkers|journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology|volume=244|pages=112151|doi=10.1016/j.jep.2019.112151|pmid=31404578|issn=0378-8741}}</ref>
▲Recently, an analysis of nine different methods for preparing ''A. muscaria'' for catching flies in [[Slovenia]] have shown that the release of ibotenic acid and muscimol did not depend on the solvent (milk or water) and that thermal and mechanical processing led to faster extraction of ibotenic acid and muscimol.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lumpert | year = 2016 | title = Catching flies with Amanita muscaria: traditional recipes from Slovenia and their efficacy in the extraction of ibotenic acid | doi = 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.009 | journal = Journal of Ethnopharmacology | volume = 187 | pages = 1–8 | pmid=27063872}}</ref>
==Fogyaszthatósága==
==In religion==▼
{{See also|Botanical identity of Soma-Haoma}}▼
In 1968, [[R. Gordon Wasson]] proposed that ''A. muscaria'' was the ''[[Soma (drink)|soma]]'' talked about in the [[Rigveda]] of India,<ref name=Wasson1968/>{{rp|10}} a claim which received widespread publicity and popular support at the time.<ref name=Letcher145>Letcher, p 145.</ref> He noted that descriptions of ''Soma'' omitted any description of roots, stems or seeds, which suggested a mushroom,<ref name=Wasson1968/>{{rp|18}} and used the adjective ''hári'' "dazzling" or "flaming" which the author interprets as meaning red.<ref name=Wasson1968/>{{rp|36–37}} One line described men urinating ''Soma''; this recalled the practice of recycling urine in Siberia. Soma is mentioned as coming "from the mountains", which Wasson interpreted as the mushroom having been brought in with the Aryan invaders from the north.<ref name=Wasson1968/>{{rp|22–24}} Indian scholars Santosh Kumar Dash and Sachinanda Padhy pointed out that both eating of mushrooms and drinking of urine were proscribed, using as a source the ''[[Manusmṛti]]''.<ref name=Letcher146>Letcher, p 146.</ref>▼
In 1971, Vedic scholar John Brough from Cambridge University rejected Wasson's theory and noted that the language was too vague to determine a description of Soma.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0012957X|author=Brough, J.|title=Soma and ''Amanita muscaria''|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=34|issue=2|year=1971|pages=331–62}}</ref> In his 1976 survey, ''Hallucinogens and Culture'', anthropologist Peter T. Furst evaluated the evidence for and against the identification of the fly agaric mushroom as the Vedic Soma, concluding cautiously in its favour.<ref name="Furst 1976 96–108">{{cite book |title=Hallucinogens and Culture |last=Furst |first=Peter T.|year=1976|publisher=Chandler & Sharp |isbn=978-0-88316-517-1 |pages=96–108}}</ref> Kevin Feeney and Trent Austin compared the references in the Vedas with the filtering mechanisms in the preparation of Amanita muscaria and published findings supporting the proposal that fly-agaric mushrooms could be a likely candidate for the sacrament.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kevin Feeney|date=2020|title=Fly Agaric: A Compendium of History, Pharmacology, Mythology, & Exploration|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344507824|access-date=2020-12-26|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> Other proposed candidates include ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'', ''[[Peganum harmala]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Flattery|first1=David Stophlet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INtzYGQOlFoC|title=Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen "soma" and Its Legacy in Religion, Language, and Middle-Eastern Folklore|last2=Schwartz|first2=Martin|date=1989-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-09627-1|language=en}}</ref>'' and ''[[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]].''▼
[[File:Aquileia mushrooms.jpg|thumb|[[Mosaic]] of red mushrooms, found in the Christian [[Basilica]] of [[Aquileia]] in northern Italy, dating to before 330 AD]]▼
The toxins in ''A. muscaria'' are water-soluble. Parboiling ''A. muscaria'' can detoxify them and render an edible fruit body.<ref name="RubArora">{{cite journal|doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9040-9|author=Rubel, W.|author2=Arora, D.|year=2008|title=A Study of Cultural Bias in Field Guide Determinations of Mushroom Edibility Using the Iconic Mushroom, ''Amanita Muscaria,''as an Example|journal=Economic Botany|volume=62|issue=3|pages=223–43 |s2cid=19585416| url = http://www.davidarora.com/uploads/muscaria_revised.pdf }}</ref> Although its consumption as a food has never been widespread,<ref>Viess, Debbie. [http://bayareamushrooms.org/education/further_reflections_amanita_muscaria.html "Further Reflections on Amanita muscaria as an Edible Species"]</ref> the consumption of detoxified ''A. muscaria'' has been practiced in some parts of Europe (notably by Russian settlers in Siberia) since at least the 19th century, and likely earlier. The German physician and naturalist [[Georg Heinrich von Langsdorff]] wrote the earliest published account on how to detoxify this mushroom in 1823. In the late 19th century, the French physician [[Félix Archimède Pouchet]] was a populariser and advocate of ''A. muscaria'' consumption, comparing it to [[manioc]], an important food source in tropical South America that must be detoxified before consumption.<ref name="RubArora"/>
132 ⟶ 116 sor:
A 2008 paper by food historian William Rubel and mycologist David Arora gives a history of consumption of ''A. muscaria'' as a food and describes detoxification methods. They advocate that ''Amanita muscaria'' be described in field guides as an edible mushroom, though accompanied by a description on how to detoxify it. The authors state that the widespread descriptions in field guides of this mushroom as poisonous is a reflection of [[cultural bias]], as several other popular edible species, notably [[morels]], are toxic unless properly cooked.<ref name="RubArora"/>
==Kulturális és vallási vonatkozások==
[[File:Ruebezahl (Moritz von Schwind).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Moritz von Schwind]]'s 1851 painting of ''[[Rübezahl]]'' features fly agarics.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.mykoweb.com/art-registry/1750-1850.html|title= Art Registry: 1750–1850| work=Mykoweb|access-date= 2009-02-26| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090202145757/http://mykoweb.com/art-registry/1750-1850.html| archive-date= 2 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>]]
140 ⟶ 124 sor:
An account of the journeys of [[Philip Johan von Strahlenberg|Philip von Strahlenberg]] to Siberia and his descriptions of the use of the ''mukhomor'' there was published in English in 1736. The drinking of urine of those who had consumed the mushroom was commented on by Anglo-Irish writer [[Oliver Goldsmith]] in his widely read 1762 novel, ''Citizen of the World''.<ref>Letcher, p 122.</ref> The mushroom had been identified as the fly agaric by this time.<ref>Letcher, p 123.</ref> Other authors recorded the distortions of the size of perceived objects while intoxicated by the fungus, including naturalist [[Mordecai Cubitt Cooke]] in his books ''The Seven Sisters of Sleep'' and ''A Plain and Easy Account of British Fungi''.<ref>Letcher, p 125.</ref> This observation is thought to have formed the basis of the effects of eating the mushroom in the 1865 popular story ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]''.<ref name="Letcher, p 126"/> A hallucinogenic "scarlet toadstool" from Lappland is featured as a plot element in [[Charles Kingsley]]'s 1866 novel ''[[Hereward the Wake (novel)|Hereward the Wake]]'' based on the [[Hereward the Wake|medieval figure]] of the same name.<ref>Letcher, p 127.</ref> [[Thomas Pynchon]]'s 1973 novel ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]'' describes the fungus as a "relative of the poisonous [[Destroying angel|Destroying Angel]]" and presents a detailed description of a character preparing a cookie bake mixture from harvested ''Amanita muscaria''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pynchon, T.|title=Gravity's Rainbow|publisher=Penguin Books|location=New York|year=1995|pages=92–93 |isbn=978-0-09-953321-4|title-link=Gravity's Rainbow}}</ref> Fly agaric shamanism is also explored in the 2003 novel ''[[Thursbitch]]'' by [[Alan Garner]].<ref>Letcher, p 129.</ref>
{{clear}}
▲==In religion==
▲{{See also|Botanical identity of Soma-Haoma}}
▲In 1968, [[R. Gordon Wasson]] proposed that ''A. muscaria'' was the ''[[Soma (drink)|soma]]'' talked about in the [[Rigveda]] of India,<ref name=Wasson1968/>{{rp|10}} a claim which received widespread publicity and popular support at the time.<ref name=Letcher145>Letcher, p 145.</ref> He noted that descriptions of ''Soma'' omitted any description of roots, stems or seeds, which suggested a mushroom,<ref name=Wasson1968/>{{rp|18}} and used the adjective ''hári'' "dazzling" or "flaming" which the author interprets as meaning red.<ref name=Wasson1968/>{{rp|36–37}} One line described men urinating ''Soma''; this recalled the practice of recycling urine in Siberia. Soma is mentioned as coming "from the mountains", which Wasson interpreted as the mushroom having been brought in with the Aryan invaders from the north.<ref name=Wasson1968/>{{rp|22–24}} Indian scholars Santosh Kumar Dash and Sachinanda Padhy pointed out that both eating of mushrooms and drinking of urine were proscribed, using as a source the ''[[Manusmṛti]]''.<ref name=Letcher146>Letcher, p 146.</ref>
▲In 1971, Vedic scholar John Brough from Cambridge University rejected Wasson's theory and noted that the language was too vague to determine a description of Soma.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0041977X0012957X|author=Brough, J.|title=Soma and ''Amanita muscaria''|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|volume=34|issue=2|year=1971|pages=331–62}}</ref> In his 1976 survey, ''Hallucinogens and Culture'', anthropologist Peter T. Furst evaluated the evidence for and against the identification of the fly agaric mushroom as the Vedic Soma, concluding cautiously in its favour.<ref name="Furst 1976 96–108">{{cite book |title=Hallucinogens and Culture |last=Furst |first=Peter T.|year=1976|publisher=Chandler & Sharp |isbn=978-0-88316-517-1 |pages=96–108}}</ref> Kevin Feeney and Trent Austin compared the references in the Vedas with the filtering mechanisms in the preparation of Amanita muscaria and published findings supporting the proposal that fly-agaric mushrooms could be a likely candidate for the sacrament.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Kevin Feeney|date=2020|title=Fly Agaric: A Compendium of History, Pharmacology, Mythology, & Exploration|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344507824|access-date=2020-12-26|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> Other proposed candidates include ''[[Psilocybe cubensis]]'', ''[[Peganum harmala]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Flattery|first1=David Stophlet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=INtzYGQOlFoC|title=Haoma and Harmaline: The Botanical Identity of the Indo-Iranian Sacred Hallucinogen "soma" and Its Legacy in Religion, Language, and Middle-Eastern Folklore|last2=Schwartz|first2=Martin|date=1989-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-09627-1|language=en}}</ref>'' and ''[[Ephedra (genus)|Ephedra]].''
▲[[File:Aquileia mushrooms.jpg|thumb|[[Mosaic]] of red mushrooms, found in the Christian [[Basilica]] of [[Aquileia]] in northern Italy, dating to before 330 AD]]
==Taxonomy and naming==
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