„Sacagawea” változatai közötti eltérés
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7. sor:
2000-ben az USA-ban kiadták a tiszteletére a [[Sacagawea-dollár]]t, amin ő és kisfia, [[Jean Baptiste Charbonneau]] képe látható. Mivel Sacagaweáról nem maradt fenn korabeli ábrázolás, egy [[Randy'L He-dow Teton]] nevű soson-bannok nőről mintázták arcképét.
== Élete ==
=== A kezdetek ===
Sacagawea a lemhi sosonok ''Agaidika'' (Pisztrángevő) törzsének tagjaként született, a mai [[Idaho]] állambeli [[Lemhi megye]] [[Salmon, Idaho|Salmon]] nevű településétől nem messze, a Kenney és Agency patakok közti vidéken.<ref name=Home>[http://www.salmonidaho.com], Lemhi County Historical Museum.</ref> 1800-ban, amikor körülbelül tizenkét éves volt, több más lánnyal együtt elrabolták a ''[[hidatsza]]'' (más néven minnetaree) indiánok egy csatában, amibem a sosonok közül négy férfi, négy nő és több fiú meghalt.<ref name=George>George, Rozina. [http://www.l3-lewisandclark.com/ShowOneObject.asp?SiteID=77&ObjectID=938 "Agaidika Perspective on Sacajawea]", ''Life Long Learning: The Lewis and Clark Rediscovery Project''.</ref> A hidatsza falu, ahová fogolyként került, a mai [[Washburn, Észak-Dakota|Washburn]] ([[Észak-Dakota]]) helyén állt.
Körülbelül tizenhárom éves korában Sacagaweát feleségül vette [[Toussaint Charbonneau]], egy [[quebec]]i trapper (állatcsapdák állításával foglalkozó), aki a faluban élt. Egy másik soson nőt, Vidraasszonyt is feleségül vett. Charbonneau mindkét nőt vagy megvásárolta a hidatszáktól, vagy Sacagaweát szerencsejátékon nyerte.
=== A Lewis és Clark expedíció ===
[[
Sacagawea első gyermekét várta, amikor a hidatsza falvak közelébe érkezett egy felfedezőcsapat, hogy ott töltse 1804-05 telét.[[Meriwether Lewis]] és [[William Clark (felfedező)|William Clark]] századosok felépítették a [[Fort Mandan]] erődöt. Körbekérdezősködtek a trapperek közt, ki tudná elvezetni tavasszal az expedíciót a [[Missouri folyó]]ig és ki tudna tolmácsolni nekik. Charbonneau-t választották, mikor megtudták, hogy a felesége beszél [[soson nyelv]]en, mert tudták, hogy szükségük lesz a soson törzsek segítségére, amikor elérnek a Missouri forrásvidékére.
Lewis feljegyzése naplójában 1804. november 4.-én:
{{quote|„egy Chabonah [sic] nevű francia, aki beszéli a [[Gros Ventres|nagyhasúak]] nyelvét, szerette volna, ha felbéreljük, és közölte, hogy két asszonya [[soson|kígyó]] indián; felbéreltük, hogy jöjjön velünk és hozza el egyik feleségét, hogy tolmácsoljon nekünk a kígyók nyelvén…” [sic]}}
33. sor:
A sosonok beleegyeztek, hogy lovakat biztosítanak a csapatnak, és kísérőket adnak melléjük, akik elvezetik őket a hideg, kietlen Sziklás-hegységen át. A kemény út alatt volt, hogy gyertyafaggyút ettek, hogy életben maradjanak. Mikor a másik oldalon elértek a lágyabb éghajlatú vidékre, Sacagawea gyökereket gyűjtött és főzött, hogy visszanyerjék erejüket.
[[
Amikor az expedíció elért a déli parton a [[Columbia folyó]] torkolatához, Sacagawea lemondott gyöngyös övéről, hogy a két kapitány elcserélhesse egy szőrmekabátért, amit [[Thomas Jefferson]] elnöknek szántak ajándékba.
46. sor:
Sacagaweát gyakran ábrázolják úgy, mint aki útbaigazította az expedíciót, a feljegyzések alapján azonban erre csak pár esetben került sor. Tolmácsként minden bizonnyal nagyban segítette az expedíciót, ezenkívül jelenléte biztosította az expecíció békés szándékáról az indiánokat, akikkel találkoztak. Miközben a mai Washington állambeli Franklin megyén haladtak át, Clark feljegyezte, hogy "az indián asszony szavatolta békés szándékainkat azok felé az emberek felé, mert errefelé asszonyok sosem utaznak olyan indiánokkal, akik háborúba készülnek" és "tolmácsunk, Shabono felesége megbékíti az indiánokat, a férfiakkal utazó asszony a békés szándék jele."<ref>[http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/examples/servlet/transform/tamino/Library/lewisandclarkjournals?&_xmlsrc=http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/lewisandclark/files/xml/1805-10-13.xml&_xslsrc=http://libtextcenter.unl.edu/lewisandclark/LCstyles.xsl 'The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition'' Online: October 13, 1805]</ref>
== Források ==
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=== Later life and death ===
[[
After the expedition, Charbonneau and Sacagawea spent three years among the Hidatsa before accepting William Clark's invitation to settle in [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], [[Missouri]] in 1809. They entrusted Jean-Baptiste's education to Clark, who enrolled the young man in the [[Saint Louis University High School|Saint Louis Academy]] boarding school.
Sacagawea gave birth to a daughter, Lizette, sometime after 1810. According to Bonnie "Spirit Wind-Walker" Butterfield, historical documents suggest Sacagawea died in 1812 of an unknown sickness:
:"An 1811 journal entry made by [[Henry Brackenridge]], a fur dealer at [[Fort Manuel Lisa Trading Post]] on the Missouri River, stated that both Sacagawea and Charbonneau were living at the fort. He recorded that Sacagawea "…had become sickly and longed to revisit her native country." The following year, John Luttig, a clerk at Fort Manuel Lisa recorded in his journal on December 20, 1812, that "…the wife of Charbonneau, a Snake Squaw [the common term used to denote Shoshone Indians], died of putrid fever." He went on to say that she was "aged about 25 years. She left a fine infant girl".<ref name=Drumm>Drumm, Stella M., ed. (1920). ''Journal of a Fur-trading Expedition on the Upper Missouri: John Luttig, 1812-1813'', St. Louis: ''Missouri Historical Society''.</ref> Documents held by Clark show that her son Baptiste had already been entrusted by Charbonneau into Clark's care for a boarding school education, at Clark's insistence (Jackson, 1962)."<ref name=Butterfield>Butterfield, Bonnie "Spirit Wind-Walker". "[http://www.bonniebutterfield.com/NativeAmericans.html Sacagawea: Captive, Indian Interpreter, Great American Legend: Her Life and Death]".</ref>
99 ⟶ 78 sor:
It is not believed that Lizette survived childhood, as there is no later record of her among Clark's papers.
=== An 1884 death? ===
Some American Indian oral traditions relate that rather than dying in 1812, Sacagawea left her husband Charbonneau, crossed the [[Great Plains]] and married into a [[Comanche]] tribe. She was said to have returned to the Shoshone in Wyoming, where she died in 1884.
106 ⟶ 85 sor:
:"Interest in Sacajawea peaked and controversy intensified when [[Grace Raymond Hebard|Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard]], professor of political economy at the University of Wyoming in Laramie and an active supporter of the Nineteenth Amendment, campaigned for federal legislation to erect an edifice honoring Sacajawea's death in 1884."<ref name="eastman" />
[[
In 1925, Dr. [[Charles Eastman]], a Dakota Sioux physician, was hired by the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] to locate Sacagawea's remains. Eastman visited many different Native American tribes to interview elderly individuals who might have known or heard of Sacagawea, and learned of a Shoshone woman at the Wind River Reservation with the Comanche name ''Porivo'' (chief woman). Some of the people he interviewed said that she spoke of a long journey where she had helped white men, and that she had a silver Jefferson [[Indian Peace Medal|peace medal]] of the type carried by the Lewis and Clark Expedition. He found a Comanche woman called ''Tacutine'' who said that ''Porivo'' was her grandmother. She had married into a Comanche tribe and had a number of children, including Tacutine's father ''Ticannaf''. Porivo left the tribe after her husband Jerk-Meat was killed.<ref name="Clark">Clark, Ella E. and Edmonds, Margot. ''Sacagawea of the Lewis and Clark Expedition''. University of California Press, September 15, 1983. ISBN 978-0520050600</ref>
According to these narratives, Porivo lived for some time at [[Fort Bridger]] in Wyoming with her sons ''Bazil'' and ''Baptiste'', who each knew several languages, including English and French. Eventually she found her way back to the Lemhi Shoshone at the [[Wind River Indian Reservation]], where she was recorded as "Bazil's mother".<ref name="Clark" /> This woman died on April 9, 1884, and a Reverend John Roberts officiated at her funeral.
It was Eastman's conclusion that Porivo was Sacagawea.<ref>[http://ahc.uwyo.edu/eduoutreach/historyday/resources/letterwriting.html University of Wyoming American Heritage Center]</ref> In 1963 a monument to "Sacajawea of the Shoshonis" was erected at [[Fort Washakie]] on the Wind River reservation near [[Lander, Wyoming]] on the basis of this claim.<ref>[http://www.lewisandclarktrail.com/sacajawea.htm Lewis and Clark Trail]</ref>
The belief that Sacagawea lived to old age and died in Wyoming was widely disseminated in the United States in the 1933 biography ''Sacajawea'' by [[University of Wyoming]] professor and historian [[Grace Raymond Hebard]]. Hebard's 30 years of research which led to the biography of the Shoshone woman is called into question by critics.<ref name="legend">Sandy Mickelson, "Sacajawea legend may not be correct," ''The Messenger''; Fort Dodge, Iowa. The reporter recounts the findings from Thomas H. Johnson, "Also Called Sacajawea: Chief Woman’s Stolen Identity." Johnson argues that Hebard had the wrong woman when she relied upon oral history that an old woman who died and is buried on the Wyoming Wind River Reservation was Sacajawea, the Shoshone woman who participated in the Lewis and Clark Expedition.</ref> Hebard presents a stout-hearted woman in her portrayal of Sacajawea that is "undeniably long on romance and short on hard evidence, suffering from a sentimentalization of Indian culture".<ref name="virginia">Virginia Scharff, "Grace Raymond Hebard: The Independent and Feminine Life; 1861-1936," in ''Lone Voyagers: Academic Women in Coeducational Universities. 1870 - 1937'', Ed. Geraldine Joncich Clifford. New York: The Feminist Press at the City University of New York, 1989.</ref>
In her novel ''[[Sacajawea (novel)|Sacajawea]]'' (1984), [[Anna Lee Waldo]] explored the story of Sacajawea's returning to Wyoming 50 years after her departure. The author was well aware of the historical research supporting an 1812 death, but she chose to explore the oral tradition.
== Name ==
A long-running controversy has surrounded the correct spelling, pronunciation, and etymology of the woman's name.
=== Sacagawea ===
''Sacagawea'' ({{IPA-en|səˌkɑːɡəˈwiːə}}) is the most widely used spelling of her name, and is pronounced with a hard "g" sound, rather than a soft "g" or "j" sound. Lewis and Clark's original journals mention Sacagawea by name seventeen times, spelled eight different ways, each time with a "g". Clark used ''Sahkahgarwea, Sahcahgagwea, Sarcargahwea'' and ''Sahcahgahweah'', while Lewis used ''Sahcahgahwea, Sahcahgarweah, Sahcargarweah'' and ''Sahcahgar Wea''.
The spelling ''Sacagawea'' was established in 1910 as the proper usage in government documents by the United States [[Bureau of American Ethnology]], and is the spelling adopted by the [[United States Mint]] for use with the [[Sacagawea dollar|dollar coin]], as well as the [[United States Board on Geographic Names]] and the U.S. [[National Park Service]]. The spelling is used by a large number of historical scholars.<ref>[http://libraries.idaho.gov/node/262 "Reading Lewis and Clark - Thomasma, Clark, and Edmonds"], Idaho Commission for Libraries</ref>
=== Sakakawea ===
''Sakakawea'' {{IPA-en|səˌkɑːkəˈwiːə|}} is the next most widely adopted spelling, and the most often accepted among specialists.<ref>Koontz, John. [http://spot.colorado.edu/~koontz/faq/etymology.htm ''Etymology'']. Siouan Languages. Retrieved 2007-04-01</ref> Proponents say the name comes from the [[Hidatsa language]] ''tsakáka wía'', "bird woman".<ref>Bright, William (2004). ''Native American Place Names in the United States''. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 413</ref><ref>Hartley, Alan H. (2002). ''Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas Newsletter'' '''20'''.4:12-13</ref> Charbonneau told expedition members that his wife's name meant "Bird Woman", and in May 1805 Lewis used the Hidatsa meaning in his journal:
:"a handsome river of about fifty yards in width discharged itself into the shell river...this stream we called Sah-ca-gah-we-ah or bird woman’s River, after our interpreter the Snake woman."
Sakakawea is the official spelling of her name according to the [[Three Affiliated Tribes]], which include the [[Hidatsa]], and is widely used throughout [[North Dakota]] (where she is considered a state heroine), notably in the naming of [[Lake Sakakawea]], the extensive reservoir of [[Garrison Dam]] on the [[Missouri River]].
The [[State Historical Society of North Dakota|North Dakota State Historical Society]] quotes Russell Reid's book ''Sakakawea: The Bird Woman'':
: Her Hidatsa name, which Charbonneau stated meant "Bird Woman," should be spelled "Tsakakawias" according to the foremost Hidatsa language authority, Dr. [[Washington Matthews]]. When this name is anglicized for easy pronunciation, it becomes Sakakawea, "Sakaka" meaning "bird" and "wea" meaning "woman." This is the spelling adopted by North Dakota. The spelling authorized for the use of Federal agencies by the United States Geographic Board is Sacagawea. Although not closely following Hidatsa spelling, the pronunciation is quite similar and the Geographic Board acknowledged the name to be a Hidatsa word meaning "Bird Woman."<ref>Reid, Russell. ''Sakakawea: The Bird Woman''. Bismarck: State Historical Society of North Dakota, 1986, as quoted in the State Historical Society of North Dakota document [http://www.nd.gov/hist/Sakakawea.htm#Spelling%20Sakakawea ''Language Authority''], Rev. C. L. Hall, Retrieved 2007-12-12</ref>
137 ⟶ 116 sor:
:...the Sakakawea spelling similarly is not found in the Lewis and Clark journals. To the contrary, this spelling traces its origin neither through a personal connection with her nor in any primary literature of the expedition. It has been independently constructed from two Hidatsa Indian words found in a dictionary titled ''Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indians'', published by the Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1877. Compiled by a United States Army surgeon, Dr. Washington Matthews, 65 years following Sacagawea's death, the words appear verbatim in the dictionary as "tsa-ka-ka, noun; a bird," and "mia [wia, bia], noun; a woman.<ref name="Anderson">Anderson, Irving W. "[http://www.washingtonhistory.org/wshm/lewisandclark/sacagawea.htm The Sacagawea Mystique: Her Age, Name, Role and Final Destiny]", ''COLUMBIA Magazine'', Fall 1999; Vol. 13, No. 3 ([http://web.archive.org/web/20080211190158/www.washingtonhistory.org/wshm/lewisandclark/sacagawea.htm archive URL])</ref>
=== Sacajawea ===
The name ''Sacajawea'' or ''Sacajewea'' {{IPA-en|ˌsækədʒəˈwiːə|}}, in contrast to the Hidatsa etymology, is said to be derived from [[Shoshone language|Shoshone]] ''Saca-tzaw-meah,'' meaning "boat puller" or "boat launcher".<ref name="Anderson" /> It is the preferred spelling used by the Lemhi Shoshone people, some of whom claim that her Hidatsa captors merely reinterpreted her existing Shoshone name in their own language, and pronounced it in their own dialect<ref name="Legend">"[http://www.sacajaweahome.com/name.htm The Legend of Her Name]", Lemhi County Historical Museum</ref> -- they heard a name that approximated "tsakaka" and "wia", and interpreted it as "bird woman", substituting the hard "g/k" pronunciation for the softer "tz/j" sound that did not exist in the Hidatsa language.
150 ⟶ 129 sor:
The spelling ''Sacajawea'', though widely taught until the late 20th century, is generally considered incorrect in modern academia. Linguistics professor Dr. Sven Liljeblad from the [[Idaho State University]] in [[Pocatello, Idaho|Pocatello]] has concluded that "it is unlikely that Sacajawea is a Shoshoni word.... The term for 'boat' in Shoshoni is saiki, but the rest of the alleged compound would be incomprehensible to a native speaker of Shoshoni."<ref name="Anderson" /> The spelling has subsided from general use, although the corresponding "soft j" pronunciation persists in American culture.
== In entertainment ==
=== Fiction ===
[[
Two early twentieth-century novels shaped much of the public perception of Sacagawea. ''The Conquest: The True Story of Lewis and Clark'', was written by American [[suffrage|suffragist]] [[Eva Emery Dye]] and published in 1902 in anticipation of the expedition's centennial. The [[National American Woman Suffrage Association]] embraced her as a female hero, and numerous stories and essays about her appeared in ladies' journals. A few decades later, ''Sacagawea'' (1933) by Grace Hebard was published to even greater success.
159 ⟶ 138 sor:
Some fictional accounts of the expedition speculate that Sacagawea was romantically involved with Lewis or Clark during their expedition. While the journals show that she was friendly with Clark and would often do favors for him, the idea of a romantic liaison was created by novelists who wrote about the expedition much later. This fiction was perpetuated in the 1955 [[Western (genre)|Western]] film ''[[The Far Horizons]]''.
=== Film ===
Several movies, both documentaries and fiction, have been made about Sacagawea.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0009977/ Sacagawea at the Internet Movie Database]</ref>
171 ⟶ 150 sor:
* ''[[The Far Horizons (1955 film)|The Far Horizons]]'' (1955) - played by [[Donna Reed]]
=== Music ===
Sacagewea is referenced in the [[Stevie Wonder]] song "Black Man", from the album ''[[Songs in the Key of Life]]''. In the "Piano Concerto No. 2 after Lewis & Clark", by [[Philip Glass]], the second movement is titled "Sacagawea".
== Memorials ==
[[
* [[Sacagawea River]]
* [[Lake Sakakawea]]
183 ⟶ 162 sor:
* [[Mount Sacajawea]], Wallowa County, Oregon
* [[Sacagawea Peak]], Gallatin County, Montana
* [[Sacagawea Peak]], Custer County, Idaho
* [[Sacajawea Patera]], a caldera on Venus
=== The Sacajawea Center ===
The [[Sacajawea Interpretive, Cultural, and Educational Center]] is a {{convert|71|acre|m2|sing=on}} park located in [[Salmon, Idaho]] by the rivers and mountains of Sacajawea’s homeland. It is "owned and operated by the City of Salmon, in partnership with the [[Bureau of Land Management]], Idaho Governor's Lewis & Clark Trail Committee, [[Salmon-Challis National Forest]], Idaho Department of Fish & Game, and numerous non-profit and volunteer organizations".<ref>[http://www.sacajaweacenter.org/AboutUs.html Sacajawea Interpretive, Cultural, and Educational Center]</ref>
=== In sculpture ===
[[
* [[Astoria, Oregon]], at Netul Landing in [[Lewis and Clark National Historical Park]]: Bronze statue of Sacagawea and Jean-Baptiste.
* [[Bismarck, North Dakota]], by [[Leonard Crunelle]]: A statue of Sacagawea and baby Pomp appears on the grounds of the [[North Dakota State Capitol]], and a replica of it represents North Dakota in the [[National Statuary Hall Collection]] in the [[United States Capitol Visitor Center]]. Interestingly, a North Dakota law, on the books for over a century, prohibits any statuary whatsoever on State-owned grounds, so a special law had to be passed in order to permit the display on the Capitol grounds, where it occupies a place of prestige on the lawn in front of the state capitol building.<ref>[http://www.aoc.gov/cc/art/nsh/sakakawea.cfm Biography and Photo of the Statue of Sacagawea], at the National Statuary Hall in Washington D.C.</ref>
* [[Boise, Idaho]]: Installed in front of the Idaho History Museum in July 2003.
* [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], by [[Charles Keck]]: A statue of Meriwether Lewis, William Clark and Sacagawea was sculpted in 1919.
* [[Cheney, Washington]], by [[Harold Balazs]]: A statue of Sacagawea is displayed in the rose garden in front of the President’s House at [[Eastern Washington University]].
* [[Fort Benton, Montana]], by Robert Scriver: A sculpture of Sacagawea and her baby, and Captains Lewis and Clark, in the river side sculpture park.
* [[Fort Worth, Texas]], Sacajawea statue outside the National Cowgirl Hall of Fame, 1977.
* [[Godfrey, Illinois]], by [[Glenna Goodacre]]: At [[Lewis and Clark Community College]]; by the same artist who designed the image on the Sacagawea dollar.
* [[Great Falls, Montana]], by [[Robert Scriver]]: Bronze 3/4 scale statue of Sacagawea, her baby Jean-Baptise, Lewis, Clark, and the Newfoundland dog Seaman, at the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail Interpretive Center in Great Falls, Montana.
* [[Kansas City, Missouri]], by [[Eugene Daub]]: Lewis and Clark Monument including life size figures of Sacagawea and Jean-Baptiste, York, and Seaman on the bluff at Clark's Point overlook (Case Park, [[Quality Hill, Kansas City|Quality Hill]])<ref>[http://www.lewisandclarktrail.com/section1/mocities/kansascity/clarkspoint.htm Lewis and Clark Trail.com: ''Clark's Point, Case Park'']</ref>
* [[Lander, Wyoming]]: In local cemetery . Fourteen miles West on US 287 & then two miles West (after a turn). Turnoff about three miles South of Fort Washakie. There is a tall statue of Sacagawea (six feet) with tombstones downhill of her, husband, & two children. There is also a monument on site.
* [[Lewiston, Idaho]]: Multiple statues, including one along the main approach to the city.
* [[Longview, Washington]], a statue of Sacagawea and Jean-Baptiste was placed in Lake Sacajawea Park near the Hemlock St. footbridge in 2005.
* [[Portland, Oregon]], by [[Alice Cooper (sculptor)|Alice Cooper]]: A statue of Sacagawea and Jean-Baptiste was unveiled July 6, 1905 and moved to Washington Park, April 6, 1906<ref>"[http://www.lewis-clark.org/content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=1443 Sacajawea and Jean-Baptiste]", sculpted by Alice Cooper</ref>
* [[St Louis, Missouri]], by [[Harry Weber (sculptor)|Harry Weber]]: A statue of Sacagawea with her baby in a cradle board is included in the [[diorama]] of the Lewis & Clark expedition that is on display in the lobby of the St. Louis Drury Plaza Hotel, located in the historical International Fur Exchange building.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/jeff/LewisClark2/Education/VisualArt/CAWeber.htm "Late May 1805" diorama] by [http://harryweber.com/biography.html Harry Weber].</ref>
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