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Szerkesztő:Totya/folyamatban

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A Nemzeti Liga (angolul: National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs vagy egyszerűbben a National League) a Major League Baseball régebbi főcsoportja és a világ legrégebbi ma is létező profi sportligája. 1876. február 2-án alapították, megszűnő National Association of Professional Base Ball Players helyett, míg a másik főcsoportot, az Amerikai Ligát 1901-ben alapították. 1903 óta, az évad végén a két liga győztese megmérkőzik egymással a World Series bajnoki címért. 1904 és 1994 kivételével minden évben megrendezték, 42-szer a Nemzeti Liga, 60-szor az Amerikai Liga legjobbja nyert.

A liga története szerkesztés

A megalakulás szerkesztés

1875-ben a National Association of Professional Base Ball Players bajban volt, nem tudta irányítani a ligába tartozó klubokat. A nevetségesen alacsony, 10 dolláros belépési díj miatt a csapatok nem vették komolyan a ligát, ki- és beléptek, nem tartották be a liga szabályait, ha azok nem voltak kényelmesek.

William Hulbert, chicagói üzletember, a Chicago White Stockings tulajdonosa tárgyalásokat kezdett a többi National Associationben játszó klubbal egy új liga létrehozásáról; erősebb központi irányítást és a nagyobb városokban kizárólagos területi jogokat akartak. Hulbertet emellett az is motiválta, hogy a ligából való kiutasítással fenyegették meg, mert öt sztárjátékosát megkérdőjelezhető eszközökkel szerződtette csapatához.

A tárgyalások sikerrel jártak, 1876. február 2-án az alábbi nyolc alapító taggal megalakult a Nemzeti Liga:

  • A négy nyugati klub:
    • Chicago White Stockings - (ma Chicago Cubs)
    • Cincinnati Red Stockings - (új csapat, az 1880-as évad után megszűnt)
    • St. Louis Brown Stockings (Browns) - (az 1877-es évad után megszűnt)
    • Louisville Grays - (új csapat, az 1877-es évad után megszűnt)
  • A négy keleti klub:
    • Hartford Dark Blues - (az 1877-es évad után megszűnt)
    • New York Mutuals - (az 1876-os évad után megszűnt)
    • Boston Red Stockings - (ma Atlanta Braves)
    • Athletic of Philadelphia - (az 1876-os évad után megszűnt)

Az új szervezetbe csak nagyobb, legalább 75 000-es lakosú városok csapatai léphettek be, a mérkőzések menetrendjét előre rögzítették és csak e szerint játszhattak a csapatok. A ligának már az első évben bizonyítania kellett, hogy van ereje a szabályok betartatásához. A Philadelphia és a New York amikor év közben látták, hogy nincs esélyük jó helyezést elérni, úgy döntöttek nem fognak távolabb, nyugatra utazni, inkább ligán kívüli, helyi csapatokkal játsszanak. Az évad végén Hulbertet a liga elnökévé választották, ő pedig mindkét csapatot kirúgta a nem teljesített mérkőzések miatt. Ezzel a lépés figyelmeztette a többi klubot is, hogy a szabályok megszegésének következményei lesznek.

A Nemzeti Liga megalakulása a National Association végét is jelentette, a megmaradt tagjai feloszlottak vagy alacsonyabb osztályba kerültek.

1877-1952 szerkesztés

The National League operated with six clubs for 1877 and 1878. Over the next several years, teams came and went except for the stable Boston and Chicago entries as the league struggled. When all eight participants for 1881 returned for 1882, the first offseasion without turnover in members, the "circuit" was two nearly straight lines between the anchor cities, with Detroit, Buffalo, Troy, and Worcester on the northern route; Providence and Cleveland constituting its south.

The N.L. encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play that same year of 1882, although direct competition was merely impending, with the A.A. circuit a distant southerly line stretching from St. Louis to Philadelphia. The A.A. offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where that was permitted, and it sold cheaper tickets everywhere (25 cents versus the N.L.'s standard 50 cents, a hefty sum for many in 1882).

The National League and American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten-year coexistence, though the series were only exhibition games arranged by the teams involved. The N.L. won most of those encounters, while some ended in ties due to disputes or other issues.

After the 1891 season, the A.A. disbanded and merged with the N.L., which became known legally for the next decade as the "National League and American Association". The teams now known as the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers (in Brooklyn) and Pittsburgh Pirates (as well as the now defunct Cleveland Spiders) had already switched from the A.A. to the N.L. prior to 1892. With the merger the N.L. absorbed the team now known as the St. Louis Cardinals, along with three other teams which did not survive into the 20th century.

The National League became a 12-team circuit with monopoly status for the rest of the decade. The league became embroiled in numerous internal conflicts, not the least of which was a plan supported by some owners (and bitterly opposed by others) to form a "trust," wherein there would be one common ownership of all twelve N.L. teams. The N.L. used its monopoly power to force a $2,400 limit on annual player wages in 1894.

Then, the league contracted to eight teams for the 1900 season, eliminating its teams in Baltimore, Cleveland, Louisville, and Washington. This provided an opportunity for competition. Three of those cities received franchises in the new American League in 1901. The A.L. declined to renew its National Agreement membership when it expired, and on January 28, 1901, officially declared itself a second major league. By 1903, the upstart A.L. had located teams in Boston, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, and St. Louis. Only the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates had no A.L. team in their markets.

The National League at first refused to recognize the new league, but reality set in as talent and money drained away to the new league. After two years of bitter contention a new version of the National Agreement was signed in 1903. This meant formal acceptance of each league by the other as an equal partner in major league baseball.

After the contraction to eight teams in 1900, the National League circuit did not change until 1953 when the Braves moved from Boston to Milwaukee; in 1966 the club moved on to Atlanta. In 1958 the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants moved to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively, bringing major league baseball to the West Coast of the U.S. for the first time.

Bővítés szerkesztés

The N.L. remained an eight-team league until 1962, when it added the New York Mets and the Houston Colt .45s (renamed the Houston Astros in 1965). In 1969 the league added the San Diego Padres and the Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals), becoming a 12-team league for the first time since 1899. In 1993 the league expanded again, adding the Colorado Rockies and the Florida Marlins. In 1998, the Arizona Diamondbacks became the league's fifteenth franchise, and the Milwaukee Brewers moved from the American League to the National, to make the National League the 16-team league it is today.

As a result of expansion to 12 teams in 1969, the National League, which for the first 93 years of its existence competed equally in a single grouping, reorganized into two divisions of six teams (East and West), with the division champions meeting in the National League Championship Series (an additional round of postseason competition) for the right to advance to the World Series. Beginning with the 1994 season, the league has been divided into three divisions (East, West, and Central), with the addition of a wild card team (the team with the best record among those finishing in second place) to enable four teams to advance to the preliminary National League Division Series.

Often characterized as being a more "traditional" or "pure" league, the National League (as of 2005 at least) has never adopted the designated hitter rule as did the American League in 1973. In theory, this means the role of the N.L. manager is somewhat expanded in comparison to the A.L., because the manager must take offense into account when making pitching substitutions and vice versa. There are perceived to be fewer home runs and big offensive plays due to the presence of the pitcher in the batting order, although this is not always the case.

For the first 96 years of its coexistence with the American League, National League teams faced their A.L. counterparts only in exhibition games or in the World Series. Beginning in 1997, however, interleague games have been played during the regular ("championship") season, and count in the standings.

Through the 2006 season, the Dodgers have won the most National League pennants (21, plus one A.A. pennant), followed closely by the Giants (20) and Cardinals (17, plus 4 A.A. pennants). Representing the National League against the American, the Cardinals have won the most World Series (10) followed by the Dodgers (6), Pirates (5), and Giants (5). St. Louis also holds the distinction of being the only A.A. club to defeat an N.L. club in the 19th century version of the World Series.

Jelenlegi csapatok szerkesztés

Keleti csoport szerkesztés

Középső csoport szerkesztés

  • Chicago Cubs - 1874-ben Boston Red Stockings néven lépett be a National Association-be. 1876-ban az alapító tagok között volt.
  • Cincinnati Reds - 1882-ben lépett be az American Association-be, 1890-ben csatlakozott a Nemzeti Ligához.
  • Houston Astros - 1962-ben csatlakozott.
  • Milwaukee Brewers - 1969-ben lépett be az Amerikai Ligába, 1998-ban csatlakozott a Nemzeti Ligához.
  • Pittsburgh Pirates - 1882-ben lépett be az American Association-be, 1887-ben csatlakozott a Nemzeti Ligához.
  • St. Louis Cardinals - 1882-ben lépett be az American Association-be, 1892-ben csatlakozott a Nemzeti Ligához.

Nyugati csoport szerkesztés

Csapattörténet szerkesztés

Alapító tagok szerkesztés

Sorrendet beállítani!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Más klubok, 1878-1891 szerkesztés

1878-ban csatlakozott

1878-ben csatlakozott

1880-ban csatlakozott

1881-ben csatlakozott

1873-ban csatlakozott

1875-ben csatlakozott

1886-ban csatlakozott

1887-ben csatlakozott

1889-ben csatlakozott

1890-ben csatlakozott

Klubok az American Association-ből, 1892-1899 szerkesztés

In 1892, the National League absorbed the American Association, bringing in four teams from the A.A., in addition to the four teams that had switched leagues in the preceding half-decade. From 1892 through 1899, the twelve teams in what, for a time, was termed the "National League and American Association" were the following:

After the 1899 season, the league contracted for the first time since 1877, dropping four clubs and leaving the "classic eight" teams which would stay in place for over 50 years: Boston (eventually to become known as the Boston Braves), Brooklyn (eventually the Brooklyn Dodgers), Chicago (eventually the Chicago Cubs), Cincinnati Reds, New York Giants, Philadelphia Phillies, Pittsburgh Pirates, and St. Louis Cardinals.

Kilépések és költözések szerkesztés


A liga elnökei szerkesztés

A pozíciót 1999-ben megszűntették, de Bill Giles, Warren C. Giles korábbi elnök fia tiszteletbeli elnök.

Más Nemzetik Ligák szerkesztés

Several other sports have had leagues called "National League", usually with the sport name as a qualifier, including:

Források szerkesztés

  • The National League Story, Lee Allen, Putnam, 1961.
  • The American League Story, Lee Allen, Putnam, 1962.
  • The Baseball Encyclopedia, published by MacMillan, 1968 and later.
  • baseballlibrary.com


Lásd még szerkesztés


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